More arbitration, more disaffection

1262 When the two sides could not agree on any amendments to the Provisions, the arbitrator, Richard of Cornwall, ruled […]

Edward joins the movement

1259 – 1260 At the opening of parliament in October, a group calling itself the ‘community of the bachelors of […]

Cracks in the opposition

1259 In January, two years after he was elected King of the Romans, Richard prepared to return home. The barons […]

The king’s privations

1258 – 1259 At this point all eyes turned to Rome and Paris. The pope had threatened to excommunicate Henry […]

The new faith

1258 Henry’s years of misrule were seemingly at an end. The provisions adopted at Oxford were akin to an unwritten […]

The third hour of the third day

1258 Henry urged Richard to accept the crown of Germany to avoid the appearance of weakness in the face of […]